CELESTIAL NAVIGATION AS THE EMERGENCY GNSS BACKUP: ENHANCING NAVIGATIONAL RELIABILITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26408/129.01Keywords:
Celestial fix, ECDIS, GNSS, Safety of NavigationAbstract
The development of Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS) has revolutionised navigation on ships. GNSS, together with electronic chart display information system (ECDIS), has made navigation more accurate, efficient, and safer for sailors. However GNSS signals can be affected by various factors such as spoofing, jamming, ionospheric disturbances etc., while no backup means of position fixing in the open sea are available on board ships. Over-reliance on GNSS without the development of an alternative backup will jeopardise safe navigation of ships. However, most of the alternatives available are either complicated or expensive. By changing certain regulations and further development celestial navigation, a reliable and cost-effective backup system can be obtained.
References
Chartworld Navigation Experts, 2016, eGlobe G2 User’s Guide.
Frost, A., 2023, Practical Navigation for Officers of the Watch, Brown, Son & Ferguson LTD., Glasgow, Scotland.
Furuno Electric Co. Ltd., 2016, Furuno FMD-3300 Operator’s Manual.
Garvin, M., 2010, Future of Celestial Navigation and the Ocean-Going Military Navigator, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Wirginia, USA.
Grm, G., Grm, A., 2021, Testing the Functionality and Applicability of Smart Devices for a Handheld Celestial Navigation System, Nase More, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 157–166.
Jansky & Bailey for the US Coast Guard, 1962, The LORAN-C System of Navigation, A Division of Atlantic Research Corporation, Washington, USA.
Japan Radio Co. Ltd., 2021, Jan-7201/9201 Instruction Manual.
Maritime New Zealand, 2019, Maritime Rules. Part 45: Navigational Equipment, Wellington, New Zealand.
Naser, El S., Youssef, A., 2020, Inertial Sensors Technologies for Navigation Applications: State of the Art and Future Trends, Satellite Navigation, Springer Open, pp. 1-21.
Northrop Grumman Sperry Marine B.V., 2018, Sperry Marine Visionmaster FT ECDIS User Manual.
Noureldin, A., Karamat, T.B., Georgy, J., 2013, Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation, Satellite-Based Positioning and Their Integration, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Public Law 115-282 , 2018, Frank Lobiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018, U.S. Government, USA.
SOLAS, Consolidated edition, 2020, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, IMO, London, UK.
STCW, Consolidated edition, 2017, International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, IMO, London, UK.
Transas ltd., 2021, NAVISAILOR 4000/4100 ECDIS User Manual.
Tsou, M.C., 2014, Genetic Algorithm for Solving Celestial Navigation Fix Problems, Polish Maritime Research, vol. 19, pp. 53–59.
Tsou, M.C., 2020, Using GIS to Obtain Celestial Fix under the Framework of an ECDIS System, TransNav, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 675–680.
Vulfovich, B., Fogilev, V., 2010, New Ideas for Celestial Navigation in the Third Millennium, The Journal of Navigation, The Royal Institute of Navigation, London, UK, pp. 373–378.
United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, 2020, Mariner’s Handbook, Taunton, UK.
United States Patent Application Publication, 2019, Pub. No.: US 2019/0033421 A1, USA.
Internet sources
GOV.UK 2023, UKHO to Extend Timetable for Paper Chart Withdrawal, https://www.gov.uk/govern¬ment/news/ukho-to-extend-timetable-for-paper-chart-withdrawal#:~:text=In%20July%20last%-20year%2C%20we,2026%20to%20complete%20the%20process.
Inertialsence, 2023, The 4 Grades of IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units), https://inertialsense.com/4-grades-of-imus/.
Leedham Marine Consultants Limited, 2023, Position Fixing and Position Verification, http://leedham-marine.co.uk/position-verification-or-fixing-on-ecdis/.
OpenCPN, 2021, Plugin to Record Sextant Sights and Show Circles of Position to ObtainaFix, https://open¬cpn.org/wiki/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=opencpn:opencpn_user_ma¬nual:plugins:navi-gation:celestial_navigation.
Popular Mechanics, 2021, The U.S. Navy’s New Unhackable GPS Alternative: The Stars, https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/a36078957/celestial-navigation/.
Science Mission Directorate, 2016, Infrared Waves, NASA Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, http://science.nasa.gov /ems/07_infraredwaves.
The Nautical Almanac, 2017, American Practical Navigator an Epitome of Navigation Originally by Nathaniel Bowditch, LL.D., https://thenauticalalmanac.com/2017_Bow¬ditch_Ameri¬can_Prac-tical_Navigator.html.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright to their work, licensing it under the Creative Commons Attribution License Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0) which allows articles to be re-used and re-distributed without restriction, as long as the original work is correctly cited. The author retains unlimited copyright and publishing rights.
